- Can You Launder Money Through Casinos Like
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British Columbia is going to crack down on large-scale transnational money laundering in its casinos that is tied to the opioid trade.
Australia is expanding an investigation into casinos over a potential breach of money laundering laws. Owners of the main casinos in Australia's five biggest cities are now under formal investigation.
From BC Govenment“Money laundering isn’t a victimless crime,” said Attorney General David Eby on Wednesday. “It’s linked to the opioid crisis, and deaths on our streets.”
The announcement came after an independent report from Peter German, a former Canadian Mounted Police Commissioner, showed the extent to which casinos are being used to launder drug money.
At a news conference on Wednesday, German said it is hard to put a number on how much has been laundered in the past years but suggested a minimum of CA$100 million (US$75 million), and added it could be much higher.
The laundering scheme is based on the “Vancouver Model,” where money is relocated to Canada from China by loaning dirty money to gamblers who pay it back after they cash out, sometimes using offshore accounts.
German found that criminal organizations from China, Colombia, Mexico and elsewhere were using this scheme to launder drug money.
Usually, the money is laundered in three stages.
The crime groups loan money to high rollers and hire low-level members to gamble with small amounts. Those convert the cash into casino chips, gamble with parts of it for a while and then cash them out in form of legal checks or cash with a receipt proving they won the amount.
Video surveillance showing suspects carrying large bags stuffed with cash illustrates how this is when the launderers are most vulnerable.
The launderers walk out of the casinos with legitimatized money ready for the second stage called “layering.” The money they ‘won’ gambling is used to purchase cars or precious metals, invest in bonds or acquire near-bankrupt companies. Another way to layer or further disguise the money's origins is to place it in offshore accounts, shell companies and trusts.
In the third phase, the money goes back to its original owners, who spend it on real estate, cars, boats and the like. This can happen through simple wire transfers or can involve “sham companies, fraudulent accounting practices, and loan-back schemes.”
Loan sharks play a major role in the first phase and have historically been a part of the BC casinos, hanging around tables waiting for someone to run out of their personal funds and then offering them cash at exorbitant rates. The cash they carry with them mostly comes from illegal sources such as the drug trade.
While loan sharks initially operated on the game floor, casinos pushed their operations to the bathrooms and eventually outside the casinos.
“They began to arrange offsite cash transfers with patrons in nearby parking lots,” German's report said.
The former Mountie warned that a crackdown on casinos would send criminals to move cash through luxury goods, real estate, counterfeit products and horse racing and called for more investigations into these vulnerable sectors.
The Attorney General said that they have started implementing the 48 recommendations German put forth in his report.
When German talked to Vancouver Police, they said that while there is “significant money laundering in the legal casinos,” this is only “a drop in the bucket” of all the other ways money is being laundered throughout the region.
In response to the report, the British Columbia Lottery Corporation said it “will work in collaboration with service providers, law enforcement and regulators to keep dirty money out of B.C. casinos.”
Casinos in the United States which generate more than $1,000,000 in annual gaming revenues are required to report certain currency transactions to assist the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in uncovering money laundering activities and other financial crimes (including terrorist financing).
Although Title 31, also known as the Bank Secrecy Act, was originally focused on financial institutions, criminal use of banking services located within casinos created a need for additional regulations that were specific to casinos. Because large sums of currency are transacted through slot machines, gaming tables, automatic change machines, retail operations and the cage (banks), and with high frequency, the regulations were targeted at transactions in excess of $10,000. Casino regulation has been a topic of debate, prompting the United States Senate to have a hearing before the United States Congress in which Title 31 topics were discussed through testimony by industry experts such as Grant Eve, CPA and partner at Joseph Eve, Certified Public Accountants and Ernest Stevens Jr., Chairman of the National Indian Gaming Association.[1]
Transaction reporting[edit]
Currency transactions that occur within a single Gaming Day (the normal 24-hour period that any casino uses for accounting and business reporting), whether the currency is paid into the casino, paid out, or exchanged (in the case of foreign currency exchanges), in excess of $10,000 requires the completion of a Currency Transaction Report (CTR, FinCEN Form 112) and must contain enough information to accurately identify the individual(s) transacting the currency.
For example, if a man walks into a casino and stops at the blackjack tables and buys into the game for $12,000 (using cash), a CTR must be completed by the casino and filed with the IRS. In this example, currency is paid into the casino in the form of cash and happened within the unique 24-hour Gaming Day of the casino.
Here is an example of a cash out transaction: the established Gaming Day of a certain casino begins at 1:00am and ends at 12:59am. At 6:30am, a woman takes $6,400 in slot machine tickets to the main cage of the casino and requests payment in all $20 bills. Later that day, at around 7:10pm, the same woman approaches another cash cage on the opposite side of the casino and exchanges $4,000 in blackjack chips for cash. Because $10,400 was paid out in cash to a single individual in a single Gaming Day, a CTR must be filed by the casino to report the Cash Out transaction, because it is above the $10,000 threshold.
Because multiple transactions are aggregated for the purpose of Title 31 reporting, casinos create tracking programs to identify large transactions and automatically aggregate them in real time to ensure that they are compliant with the regulations.
Suspicious activity[edit]
Many criminals, such as those interested in tax evasion and money laundering, have researched the Title 31 requirements and have created a number of strategies to avoid detection of their activities by circumventing the reporting requirements. When these activities are discovered, casino staff are required to file a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR, FinCEN Form 114) to report the suspicious activities. Because there are many types of suspicious activities, it is required that casino personnel receive Title 31 training to avoid penalty and remain compliant.
Two of the most popular strategies for circumventing CTR reporting are structuring and minimal gaming.
Structuring[edit]
Can You Launder Money Through Casinos Like
Because the $10,000 per gaming day CTR threshold is part of the Bank Secrecy Act, a criminal may seek to evade being recorded on a CTR by breaking a transaction over $10,000 into multiple smaller transactions, which is known as structuring. Single and multiple currency transactions in excess of $10,000 (in a single Gaming Day) are reported to the IRS. To track multiple transactions, many casinos record transactions as low as $3,000 (and lower) to ensure that they remain compliant with the CTR requirements. Again, criminals (including those interested in tax evasion) may break up their transactions into several, smaller transactions to avoid detection.
For example, conducting three transactions of $4,000 is more than $10,000, which is the threshold of reporting a CTR. If the casinos did not track multiple transactions, the individual might be able to circumvent the reporting of their transactions. However, because most casinos track transactions of $4,000 (and lower), structuring this $12,000 transaction into three, smaller transactions would not prevent a CTR from being filed. And, while it may be possible to break up $12,000 into 20 individual transactions of $600 each, casino personnel also maintains awareness of this tactic and would likely detect the numerous trips to the cage to perform similar transactions.
How Do You Launder Money Through Gambling
Minimal gaming[edit]
Another type of suspicious activity is related to money laundering, where a casino patron may put large amounts of money in play, but gambles very little before cashing out.
For example, a bank robber steals $50,000 from a large bank. Most banks mark cash with exploding dye or sequential numbering of the large bills. To avoid being apprehended, the bank robber needs to exchange the stolen money for money that cannot be traced back to the robbery. In this situation, a bank robber may put $1,000 in $20 bills into a slot machine and spin twice before cashing out. Whether the slot machine pays the bank robber in coins or a slot ticket is irrelevant because the traceable money is in the machine and the bank robber will effectively receive 'clean' or 'laundered' money.
Both of these situations are suspicious, as defined by Title 31 regulations, and require a completed SAR by the casino, within a specified period of time.
Involvement of Agents[edit]
Two or more individuals handling the same currency bankroll are commonly referred to as 'agents' by the casino. An example of this would be individuals purchasing chips and dividing them amongst themselves. Agents cashing out chips or making currency transactions on behalf of one another are also popular examples of agent activity. Since agents handle the same bankroll, they essentially become entities and their transactions must be recorded together. All parties involved in agent activity must submit proper identification and complete the required IRS forms when their COMBINED transactions reach over $10,000 in a gaming day. While agent activity can sometimes occur with legitimate transactions (e.g. a husband cashing out his wife's slot vouchers so she can continue to play), agent activity is highly suspicious because it allows individuals to structure their transactions below the $10,000 to avoid being documented to the IRS.
Involvement of casino staff[edit]
It is illegal for an employee of the casino to assist a casino patron in circumventing the reporting requirements of Title 31. Such circumvention can include notifying patrons that they are nearing reporting thresholds, disclosing the time that the Gaming Day ends, and neglecting to report suspicious activity. A casino employee that has been found to have circumvented Title 31 can be assessed civil and criminal fines, in addition to incarceration.
References[edit]
- ^United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (November 17, 2011). 'The Future of Internet Gaming: What's at stake for tribes?'. One Hundred Twelfth Congress First Session.